Consensual democracy between the most prominent Syria and Lebanon at the end of the ottoman era (1869_1924 A.H.)

Authors

  • Dr. Rahim Khalaf Kazem Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq University (peace be upon him) Faculty of Arts_Department of History

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51930/jcois.21.73.0370

Keywords:

intellectual ,), cultural , tyranny , , enslavement , , associations

Abstract

 

An elite group of men of thought and enlightenment appeared in Syria and Lebanon in the mid-nineteenth century, and its goal was to change the bitter reality in their countries that fell under the banner of the Ottoman Empire, especially during the era in which the Union and Promotion group ruled , thy took upon themselves to lay the basic building blocks for intellectual renaissance after contacting the Europeans and learning about European greenery , a number of cultural factors contributed to crystallizing this renaissance, including: the press, trips, associations, and literary forums, as well as missionary missions that contributed to the transfer of many aspects of Western culture to their countries.

It was the emergence of elite intellectuals such as Abdul Rahman Al-Kawakibi, Boutros Al-Bustani, and others in Syria and Lebanon who took it upon Lebanon who took it upon themselves to explain the concepts of tyranny and democracy to the ruling authorities in their countries , And combating the Turkification policy adopted by the Union and Progress Association.

 The research was divided into two demands, an introduction, a conclusion and a list of sources , It dealt with the first requirement: democracy From the perspective of thinkers of Syria and Lebanon, as for the second requirement: it discussed reformist compromise, and the research relied on Sources , the most prominent of which were political thought in the Arab Mashreq in the late nineteenth century until 1914 AD by Abdul Zahra maktouf, the natures of tyranny and the wrestler of slavery by Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, and the philosophy of evolution and elevation for shibli Shamil.

References

ألبرت حوراني ، الفكر العربي في عصر النهضة ۱٧٩٨- ۱۹۳۸م ، ترجمه كریم عزقول ، دار الهناء للنشر ، بيروت ، 1977م ، ص309_310 .

شبلي الشميل ، فلسفة النشوء والارتقاء ، دار مارون عبود بیروت ۱۹۸۳م ، ص 25_31 .

شتيوي عبد مطر ، اتجاهات حركة النهضة العربية الحديثة الإصلاحي - القومي - التاريخي – التقدمي - الوحدوي ، الدراسات التاريخية الحضارية (مجلة) ، تكريت ، العدد 12، جامعة تكريت ، حزيران ۲۰۱۲م ، ص 6_7 .

ظاهر محمد صكَر الحسناوي ، شكيب ارسلان : الدور السياسي الخفي ، ط1 ، لبنان ، رياض الريس للكتب والنشر ، 2002م ، ص23_43 .

________ ، شكيب ارسلان : المضمون القومي في الفكر السياسي ، آفاق عربية (مجلة) ، بغداد ، العدد 12 ، السنة السادسة عشرة ، 1991م ، ص58 .

عبد الرحمن الكواكبي ، طبائع الاستبداد ومصارع الاستعباد ، ( كلمات ، القاهرة ، ۲۰۱۱م ) ، ص12 .

عبد الزهرة مكَطوف ، الفكر السياسي في المشرق العربي أواخر القرن التاسع حتى عام 1914م ، بغداد ، دار الشؤون الثقافية العامة " أفاق عربية " ، ۲۰۰۱م ، ص 98_99 .

عزت قرني ، العدالة والحرية في فجر النهضة العربية الحديثة ، عالم المعرفة ، الكويت ، ۱۹۸۰م ، ص ١٥٧.

فايز علم الدين القيس ، اثر المعلم بطرس البستاني (۱۸۱۹-۱۸۸۳م) في النهضة في لبنان ، دار الفارابي ، بیروت ۲۰۰۵م ، ص٣٦ .

________ ، مسعود ظاهر ، المعلم بطرس البستاني ومأساة رواد النهضة بنا ، المستقبل (جريدة) ، بيروت ، الأحد 30 كانون الثاني 2005م ، ص14 .

ماجدة حمود عبد الرحمن الكواكبي فارس النهضة والأدب_ دراسة ، اتحاد الكتاب العرب دمشق ، ۲۰۰۱م ، ص18_20 .

محمد جابر الأنصاري ، تحولات الفكر والسياسة في الشرق العربي (1930_1970م) ، علم المعرفة ، كويت ، 1980م ، ص8_9 .

Awwalan : al-maṣādir : _

. Albirt Ḥūrānī, al-Fikr al-ʻArabī fī ʻaṣr al-Nahḍah 798tarjamahu krیm ʻAzqūl, Dār al-hanāʼ lil-Nashr, Bayrūt, 1977M, ṣ309 _ 310.

. Shiblī al-Shumayyil, Falsafat al-nushūʼ wa-al-irtiqāʼ, Dār Mārūn ʻAbbūd brwt, Ṣ 25 _ 31

. Shutaywī ʻAbd Maṭar, Ittijāhāt Ḥarakat al-Nahḍah al-ʻArabīyah al-ḥadīthah al-iṣlāḥī-al-Qawmī-al-tārīkhī – al-Taqaddumī-al-Waḥdawī, al-Dirāsāt al-tārīkhīyah al-ḥaḍārīyah (Majallat), Tikrīt, al-ʻadad 12, Jāmiʻat Tikrīt, Ḥazīrān, Ṣ 6 _ 7.

āhir Muḥammad ṣkar al-Ḥasnāwī, Shakīb Arslān : al-Dawr al-siyāsī al-khafī, Ṭ1, Lubnān, Riyāḍ al-Rayyis lil-Kutub wa-al-Nashr, 2002M, ṣ23 _ 43.

. Ẓāhir Muḥammad ṣkar al-Ḥasnāwī, Shakīb Arslān : al-maḍmūn al-Qawmī fī al-Fikr al-siyāsī, Āfāq ʻArabīyah (Majallat), Baghdād, al-ʻadad 12, al-Sunnah al-sādisah ʻashrah, 1991m, ṣ58.

. ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Kawākibī, Ṭabāʼiʻ al-istibdād wa-maṣāriʻ al-istiʻbād, (Kalimāt, al-Qāhirah), ṣ12.

ʻAbd al-Zahrah mkaṭwf, al-Fikr al-siyāsī fī al-Mashriq al-ʻArabī awākhir al-qarn al-tāsiʻ ḥattá ʻām 1914m, Baghdād, Dār al-Shuʼūn al-Thaqāfīyah al-ʻĀmmah "Afāq ʻArabīyah

ʻIzzat Quranī, al-ʻadālah wa-al-ḥurrīyah fī Fajr al-Nahḍah al-ʻArabīyah al-ḥadīthah, ʻĀlam al-Maʻrifah, al-Kuwayt,

. Fāyiz ʻilm al-Dīn al-Qays, Athar al-Muʻallim Buṭrus al-Bustānī fī al-Nahḍah fī Lubnān, Dār al-Fārābī, bیrwt, ṣ36.

. Fāyiz ʻilm al-Dīn al-Qays, Masʻūd Ẓāhir, al-Muʻallim Buṭrus al-Bustānī wa-maʼsāt Rūwād al-Nahḍah Bannā, al-mustaqbal (Jarīdat), Bayrūt, al-Aḥad 30 Kānūn al-Thānī 2005m, ṣ14.

Mājidah Ḥammūd ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Kawākibī Fāris al-Nahḍah wa-al-adab _ dirāsah, Ittiḥād al-Kitāb al-ʻArab Dimashq, , ṣ18 _ 20.

. Muḥammad Jābir al-Anṣārī, Taḥawwulāt al-Fikr wa-al-siyāsah fī al-Sharq al-ʻArabī (1930 _ 1970m), ʻilm al-Maʻrifah, Kuwayt, 1980m, ṣ8 _ 9.

Thānyan : al-ṣuḥuf wa-al-majallāt

al-Ṣuḥuf :

_ Īlāf, Landan, 2014m.

_ al-mustaqbal, Bayrūt, 2005m.

al-Majallāt :

_ Āfāq ʻArabīyah, Baghdād, 1991m.

_ al-Dirāsāt al-tārīkhīyah al-ḥaḍārīyah, Tikrīt, 2012m.

Thālthan : al-mawsūʻāt

_ Aʻlām al-ʻArab.

Rābʻan : mawāqiʻ alāntrnyt

_ yanẓur al-mawqiʻ al-tālī ʻalá alāntrnythttp / / www. ssrcaw. org, wa-ʻalá al-ʻUnwān al-ātī ʻAbd al-Wahhāb Ḥamīd Rashīd al-taḥawwul al-dīmuqrāṭī wa-al-mujtamaʻ al-madanī, Markaz al-Dirāsāt wa-al-Abḥāth al-ʻAlmānīyah fī al-ʻālam al-ʻArabī.

yanẓur al-mawqiʻ al-tālī ʻalá alāntrnyt : http / / www. azad-hye. org, wa-ʻalá al-ʻUnwān al-ātī : Salīm Barakāt, al-ḥurrīyah fī Mafhūm Adīb Isḥāq.

Downloads

Published

2023-03-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Consensual democracy between the most prominent Syria and Lebanon at the end of the ottoman era (1869_1924 A.H.). (2023). Journal Islamic Sciences College, 73, 370-388. https://doi.org/10.51930/jcois.21.73.0370

Similar Articles

1-10 of 13

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.