Consensual democracy between the most prominent Syria and Lebanon at the end of the ottoman era (1869_1924 A.H.)

Abstract

An elite group of men of thought and enlightenment appeared in Syria and Lebanon in the mid-nineteenth century, and its goal was to change the bitter reality in their countries that fell under the banner of the Ottoman Empire, especially during the era in which the Union and Promotion group ruled , thy took upon themselves to lay the basic building blocks for intellectual renaissance after contacting the Europeans and learning about European greenery , a number of cultural factors contributed to crystallizing this renaissance, including: the press, trips, associations, and literary forums, as well as missionary missions that contributed to the transfer of many aspects of Western culture to their countries.

It was the emergence of elite intellectuals such as Abdul Rahman Al-Kawakibi, Boutros Al-Bustani, and others in Syria and Lebanon who took it upon Lebanon who took it upon themselves to explain the concepts of tyranny and democracy to the ruling authorities in their countries , And combating the Turkification policy adopted by the Union and Progress Association.

 The research was divided into two demands, an introduction, a conclusion and a list of sources , It dealt with the first requirement: democracy From the perspective of thinkers of Syria and Lebanon, as for the second requirement: it discussed reformist compromise, and the research relied on Sources , the most prominent of which were political thought in the Arab Mashreq in the late nineteenth century until 1914 AD by Abdul Zahra maktouf, the natures of tyranny and the wrestler of slavery by Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, and the philosophy of evolution and elevation for shibli Shamil.